Ndeapi marudzi anonyanya kuzivikanwa ekuora kweradioactive?Tingazvidzivirira sei pamigumisiro inokuvadza yemwaranzi inovapo?
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvikamu kana masaisai anoburitsa nucleus kuti agadzikane, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekuora kwemwaranzi inoenda kumwaranzi yeionizing.Mhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays uye neutrons.
Alpha radiation
Kuora kweAlpha (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Mune alpha radiation, iyo nuclei iri kuora inoburitsa inorema, inochajiswa zvimedu kuitira kuti inyatsogadzikana.Zvimedu izvi hazvigoni kupinda mukati meganda redu kuti zvikuvadze uye kazhinji zvinogona kumiswa nekushandisa kunyange bepa rimwe chete.
Nekudaro, kana alpha-emitting zvinhu zvakapinzwa mumuviri nekufema, kudya, kana kunwa, zvinogona kufumura matishu emukati zvakananga uye zvinogona, nekudaro, kukanganisa hutano.
Americium-241 muenzaniso weatomu inoora kuburikidza nealpha particles, uye inoshandiswa mukuona utsi pasi rose.
Beta radiation
Kuora kweBeta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Mubeta mwaranzi, nuclei inoburitsa tudiki twudiki (maelectrons) anopinda kupfuura ma alpha particles uye anogona kupfuura semuenzaniso, 1-2 masendimita emvura, zvichienderana nesimba rawo.Kazhinji, pepa rearuminiyamu mamirimita mashoma kukora rinogona kumisa beta radiation.
Mamwe maatomu asina kugadzikana anoburitsa beta mwaranzi anosanganisira hydrogen-3 (tritium) uye kabhoni-14.Tritium inoshandiswa, pakati pezvimwe, mumarambi ekukurumidzira semuenzaniso kumaka kubuda murima.Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo beta radiation kubva kutritium inoita kuti phosphor zvinhu zvipenye kana radiation ichipindirana, pasina magetsi.Carbon-14 inoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvemazuva ekare.
Gamma mwaranzi
Gamma mwaranzi (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Gamma mwaranzi, ine maitiro akasiyana-siyana, akadai sekurapa cancer, mwaranzi yemagetsi, yakafanana neX-ray.Mimwe gamma mwaranzi inopfuura nemumuviri wemunhu pasina kukuvadza, nepo imwe inotorwa nemuviri uye inogona kukonzera kukuvara.Hukuru hwema gamma rays hunogona kudzikiswa kusvika pamazinga anoisa njodzi shoma nemadziro akakora ekongiri kana lead.Ichi ndicho chikonzero madziro emakamuri ekurapa radiotherapy muzvipatara zvevarwere vegomarara akakora.
Neutrons
Nuclear fission mukati me reactor yenyukireya muenzaniso weradioactive chain reaction inotsigirwa nemanyutroni (Graphic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Neutrons zvimedu zvakakura zvinova chimwe chezvinhu zvinoumba nucleus.Izvo hazvina kubhadharwa uye saka hazvibudisi ionization zvakananga.Asi kudyidzana kwavo nemaatomu enyaya kunogona kuunza alpha-, beta-, gamma- kana X-rays, izvo zvinozokonzera ionization.Maneutron ari kupinda uye anogona kumiswa chete nemakobvu ekongiri, mvura kana parafini.
Maneutron anogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakati wandei, semuenzaniso mumareactor enyukireya kana mukuita kwenyukireya kunotangwa nepamusoro-simba zvidimbu mumatanda ekumhanyisa.Neutrons inogona kumiririra kwakakosha sosi yeasina kunanga ionizing mwaranzi.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-11-2022